New Insights into 5,200-Year-Old Mystery Holes in Peru

New findings reveal that the approximately 5,200 holes in the Peruvian Andes, known as the Band of Holes, may have served as an ancient marketplace for barter and accounting. Researchers suggest these holes were constructed between A.D. 1000 and 1400 under the Chincha Kingdom, with a significant population of over 100,000 people.

Following the Incas' conquest of this kingdom in the 15th century, the site may have been repurposed to collect tribute and taxes from surrounding communities. The holes are arranged in long bands, spanning 0.9 miles, and are divided into sections resembling methods of record-keeping from that era.

Each hole measures between three to six feet wide and can be three feet deep, with some lined with stones. Archaeologists, utilizing drone technology for aerial surveys, detected mathematical patterns in the holes' layout, indicating they were systematically organized.

The analysis of sediment samples from the holes revealed pollen from maize, suggesting that humans placed crops inside these divots, supporting the hypothesis that the site was used for storing goods. Additionally, remnants of bulrush pollen were found, which was utilized by the Chincha for basket-making.

Such findings indicate that the Monte Sierpe site likely functioned as a barter market, facilitating trade among neighboring communities during the pre-Hispanic period. Researchers have drawn parallels between the design of the holes and the Incan khipus, which served as accounting devices made from knotted cords.

Differences in the number of holes within sections may represent varying tribute levels from local towns. This study not only adds to the understanding of trade and accounting practices in ancient Andean societies but also emphasizes how these communities altered their landscapes to foster interaction and commerce.

As noted by study co-author Jacob Bongers, the site's purpose has been debated for decades, with theories ranging from defense to gardening. The comprehensive analysis now provides a clearer picture of the societal organization and economic exchanges in the Andean region, demonstrating the complexity of pre-Hispanic civilizations.

Insights from this research, published in the journal Antiquity, mark a significant advancement in archaeological understanding of the region's historical landscape.