India's Crop Biotechnology: Need for Refined Perspectives

India's engagement with genetically modified crops began in 2002 with the approval of Bt cotton, engineered to combat the American bollworm. Initial results showed improved yields and reduced pesticide use, with adoption reaching over 90% of India's cotton-growing area by 2013, increasing yields from six quintals per hectare to 16 quintals per hectare.

However, resistance developed in pests like the pink bollworm, leading to increased pesticide use and costs for farmers, reigniting concerns around environmental and health impacts. Public sector institutions attempted to develop indigenous Bt cotton hybrids but faced challenges in adapting to India's uncertain rainfed conditions.

The complexities of high seed costs, rising input costs, and crop failures are often linked to broader systemic issues, including market volatility. The need for next-generation GM traits is acknowledged, yet their approval is pending due to thorough regulatory reviews by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.

The committee conducts biosafety assessments, field trials, and public consultations, but the slow pace of approvals has raised concerns about accessing beneficial technologies. For instance, GM mustard has passed safety evaluations but awaits final clearance amid ongoing debates, highlighting the balancing act between innovation and safety.

Public opinion on GM crops in India remains divided, influenced by scientific discussions, cultural perspectives, and media narratives. Policymakers must navigate these sentiments to ensure food security and farmer welfare while fostering public trust and ecological integrity.

The focus should be on empowering farmers, protecting ecosystems, and integrating GM crops as tools within broader agricultural strategies. The report emphasizes the importance of a refined perspective on crop biotechnology for India's agricultural future.