China Leads Global Renewable Energy Expansion Amid Climate Goals

In the first three quarters of this year, China added 310 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity, which is a 47.7 percent increase year on year, accounting for 84.4 percent of all new power installations in the country, according to the National Energy Administration.

This progress reflects a holistic reconstruction of the energy system, as China aims to replace the 20th-century fossil fuel order with a 21st-century electro-industrial order. Power in this new order shifts from oil and gas control to managing power grids, batteries, and minerals.

This transition is partly driven by China's energy vulnerabilities; despite significant domestic energy production, rapid industrialization has led to a reliance on imported oil and gas since becoming a net oil importer in 1993.

The reliance on imports, particularly through the Malacca Strait, which handles about 80 percent of China's oil imports, coupled with US naval control over critical maritime routes, heightens risks for China.

Maritime insecurity has intensified the dangers associated with dependence on sea-shipped fossil fuels, prompting a stronger push towards renewable energy to enhance long-term energy security. Domestically, China's heavy reliance on coal remains a challenge, with 58 percent of its electricity generated from coal last year, contributing to air pollution and public discontent.

This situation creates a compelling incentive for the expansion of renewable energy sources. Nonetheless, while national policies support this energy transition, local governments have significant influence and must navigate the balance between energy priorities and national growth pursuits.